G&g Combat Machine Cm16 Raider-l Aeg Airsoft Rifle Fps
G&g Combat Machine Cm16 Raider-l Aeg Airsoft Rifle Fps
| G | |
|---|---|
| G thou | |
| (Come across below, Typographic) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organisation | Latin script |
| Blazon | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0047, U+0067, U+0261 |
| Alphabetical position | 7 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time menstruation | ~-300 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Transliteration equivalents | C |
| Variations | (Encounter below, Typographic) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | gh, grand(x) |
(speculated origin)
G, or one thousand, is the seventh letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is gee (pronounced ), plural gees.[1]
History
The letter 'G' was introduced in the Old Latin menstruum every bit a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /g/.
The recorded originator of 'G' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who added letter K to the educational activity of the Roman alphabet during the tertiary century BC:[2] he was the start Roman to open a fee-paying schoolhouse, effectually 230 BCE. At this fourth dimension, 'Thou' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /chiliad/ earlier open up vowels, had come to express /thou/ in all environments.
Ruga's positioning of 'G' shows that alphabetic lodge related to the letters' values as Greek numerals was a concern even in the 3rd century BC. According to some records, the original seventh letter of the alphabet, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat before in the third century BC by the Roman conscience Appius Claudius, who plant it distasteful and foreign.[three] Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Plain the social club of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete thing that a new letter of the alphabet could be added in the heart only if a 'infinite' was created by the dropping of an erstwhile letter."[4]
George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'Thousand' was a direct descendant of zeta. Zeta took shapes similar ⊏ in some of the Former Italic scripts; the development of the monumental class 'G' from this shape would be exactly parallel to the development of 'C' from gamma. He suggests that the pronunciation /k/ > /ɡ/ was due to contagion from the besides similar-looking 'K'.[five]
Eventually, both velar consonants /k/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones before front end vowels; consequently in today'due south Romance languages, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ have different sound values depending on context (known as hard and soft C and difficult and soft G). Because of French influence, English language language orthography shares this feature.
Typographic variants
The modern lowercase 'g' has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) 'm' and the double-storey (sometimes looptail) 'one thousand'. The single-storey grade derives from the majuscule (capital letter) course past raising the serif that distinguishes information technology from 'c' to the top of the loop, thus closing the loop and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form (g) had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the correct, and to the left over again, forming a closed bowl or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper closed bowl. The double-storey version became popular when printing switched to "Roman type" because the tail was finer shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page. In the double-storey version, a small meridian stroke in the upper-right, oftentimes terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".
Generally, the 2 forms are complementary, only occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, opentail ⟨ɡ⟩ has always represented a voiced velar plosive, while ⟨
⟩ was distinguished from ⟨ɡ⟩ and represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900.[6] [7] In 1948, the Council of the International Phonetic Clan recognized ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨⟩ as typographic equivalents,[8] and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993.[9] While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Clan recommended the use of ⟨⟩ for a velar plosive and ⟨ɡ⟩ for an avant-garde one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the 2, such as Russian,[10] this practise never caught on.[eleven] The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, the successor to the Principles, abandoned the recommendation and best-selling both shapes as acceptable variants.[12]
Wong et al. (2018) constitute that native English speakers have trivial conscious awareness of the looptail 'g' ().[13] [14] They write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite existence informed directly that G has ii lowercase print forms, nearly half of the participants failed to reveal whatsoever knowledge of the looptail 'thousand', and merely 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail '1000' correctly."
Pronunciation and utilise
| Language | Dialect(south) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | /x/ | |||
| Arabic | /ɡ/ | Latinization; respective to ⟨ق⟩ or ⟨ج⟩ in Arabic | ||
| Catalan | /(d)ʒ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Danish | /ɡ/ | Word-initially | ||
| /k/ | Usually | |||
| Dutch | Standard | /ɣ/ | ||
| Southern dialects | /ɣ̟/ | |||
| Northern dialects | /χ/ | |||
| English | /dʒ/ | Before e, i, y (see exceptions below) | ||
| /ɡ/ | Normally | |||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i in "modern" loanwords from French | |||
| silent | Some words, initial <gn>, and discussion-finally before a consonant | |||
| Faroese | /j/ | soft, lenited; encounter Faroese phonology | ||
| /k/ | hard | |||
| /tʃ/ | soft | |||
| /five/ | after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before u | |||
| /westward/ | later on ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u | |||
| silent | later on a, æ, á, e, o, ø and earlier a | |||
| French | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i, y | |||
| Galician | /ɡ/~/ħ/ | Usually | See Gheada for consonant variation | |
| /ʃ/ | Before e, i | at present rarely spelled as such | ||
| Greek | /ɡ/ | Normally | Latinization | |
| /ɟ/ | Earlier ai, e, i, oi, y | Latinization | ||
| Icelandic | /c/ | soft | ||
| /k/ | hard | |||
| /ɣ/ | hard, lenited; see Icelandic phonology | |||
| /j/ | soft, lenited | |||
| Irish gaelic | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ɟ/ | Afterward i or before east, i | |||
| Italian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /dʒ/ | Earlier east, i | |||
| Mandarin | Standard | /yard/ | Pinyin latinization | |
| Norman | /dʒ/ | Earlier due east, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Norwegian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /j/ | Before ei, i, j, øy, y | |||
| Portuguese | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i, y | |||
| Romanian | /dʒ/ | Before east, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Romansh | /dʑ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | /thousand/ | Usually | ||
| /kʲ/ | Later on i or before e, i | |||
| Castilian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /x/ or /h/ | Before e, i, y | Variation betwixt velar and glottal realizations depends on dialect | ||
| Swedish | /ɡ/ | Normally | ||
| /j/ | Before ä, east, i, ö, y | |||
| Turkish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ɟ/ | Before e, i, ö, ü | |||
English language
In English language, the letter appears either alone or in some digraphs. Alone, it represents
- a voiced velar plosive (/ɡ/ or "hard" ⟨g⟩), every bit in goose, gargoyle, and game;
- a voiced palato-alveolar affricate (/d͡ʒ/ or "soft" ⟨g⟩), predominates before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩, as in behemothic, ginger, and geology; or
- a voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (/ʒ/) in mail service-medieval loanwords from French, such as rouge, beige, genre (often), and margarine (rarely)
⟨g⟩ is predominantly soft before ⟨e⟩ (including the digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩), ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩, and hard otherwise. It is hard in those derivations from γυνή (gynḗ) meaning woman where initial-worded as such. Soft ⟨one thousand⟩ is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church/academic use, French, Spanish, Italian or Portuguese – these tend to, in other means in English language, closely align to their Ancient Latin and Greek roots (such equally fragile, logic or magic). There remain widely used a few English words of not-Romance origin where ⟨thousand⟩ is hard followed by ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ (become, give, gift), and very few in which ⟨g⟩ is soft though followed past ⟨a⟩ such every bit gaol, which since the 20th century is about always written every bit "jail".
The double consonant ⟨gg⟩ has the value /ɡ/ (difficult ⟨m⟩) equally in nugget, with very few exceptions: /d͡ʒ/ in exaggerate and veggies and dialectally /ɡd͡ʒ/ in suggest.
The digraph ⟨dg⟩ has the value /d͡ʒ/ (soft ⟨thou⟩), as in badger. Non-digraph ⟨dg⟩ can also occur, in compounds similar floodgate and headgear.
The digraph ⟨ng⟩ may represent:
- a velar nasal () as in length, vocalist
- the latter followed by hard ⟨g⟩ (/ŋɡ/) as in jungle, finger, longest
Not-digraph ⟨ng⟩ also occurs, with possible values
- /nɡ/ as in engulf, ungainly
- /nd͡ʒ/ as in sponge, angel
- /nʒ/ as in melange
The digraph ⟨gh⟩ (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter yogh, which took various values including /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /x/ and /j/) may represent:
- /ɡ/ as in ghost, balked, burgher, spaghetti
- /f/ as in cough, laugh, roughage
- Ø (no sound) as in through, neighbour, night
- /x/ in ugh
- (rarely) /p/ in hiccough
- (rarely) /thou/ in due south'ghetti
Non-digraph ⟨gh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like foghorn, pigheaded
The digraph ⟨gn⟩ may represent:
- /north/ equally in gnostic, deign, foreigner, signage
- /nj/ in loanwords like champignon, lasagna
Non-digraph ⟨gn⟩ also occurs, as in signature, agnostic
The trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ has the value /ŋ/ as in gingham or dinghy. Non-trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like stronghold and dunghill.
G is the tenth least oftentimes used alphabetic character in the English language (afterwards Y, P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of near 2.02% in words.
Other languages
Almost Romance languages and some Nordic languages besides have ii primary pronunciations for ⟨g⟩, hard and soft. While the soft value of ⟨g⟩ varies in different Romance languages (/ʒ/ in French and Portuguese, [(d)ʒ] in Catalan, /d͡ʒ/ in Italian and Romanian, and /x/ in most dialects of Spanish), in all except Romanaian and Italian, soft ⟨g⟩ has the aforementioned pronunciation as the ⟨j⟩.
In Italian and Romanaian, ⟨gh⟩ is used to represent /ɡ/ before forepart vowels where ⟨thousand⟩ would otherwise represent a soft value. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ is used to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/, a sound somewhat similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in English coulee. In Italian, the trigraph ⟨gli⟩, when appearing earlier a vowel or as the commodity and pronoun gli, represents the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/.
Other languages typically use ⟨chiliad⟩ to represent /ɡ/ regardless of position.
Amongst European languages, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, and Slovak are an exception equally they practice not accept /ɡ/ in their native words. In Dutch, ⟨thou⟩ represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ instead, a sound that does not occur in modern English, but there is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ([x] or [χ]) instead, and in southern dialects it may be palatal [ʝ]. Nonetheless, give-and-take-finally it is always voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Belgium and the Netherlands. On the other hand, some dialects (like Amelands) may take a phonemic /ɡ/.
Faroese uses ⟨g⟩ to represent /dʒ/, in improver to /ɡ/, and also uses information technology to point a glide.
In Māori, ⟨g⟩ is used in the digraph ⟨ng⟩ which represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ and is pronounced like the ⟨ng⟩ in vocalizer.
In older Czech and Slovak orthographies, ⟨g⟩ was used to correspond /j/, while /ɡ/ was written as ⟨ǧ⟩ (⟨chiliad⟩ with caron).
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
- 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
- C c : Latin letter C, from which Thou derives
- Γ γ : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives in plough
- ɡ : Latin letter of the alphabet script small G
- ᶢ : Modifier letter small script g is used for phonetic transcription[15]
- ᵷ : Turned one thousand
- Г г : Cyrillic letter Ge
- Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Yogh
- Ɣ ɣ : Latin letter Gamma
- Ᵹ ᵹ : Insular chiliad
- Ꝿ ꝿ : Turned insular thousand
- ɢ : Latin letter small majuscule G, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiced uvular stop
- ʛ : Latin letter small capital K with hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiced uvular implosive
- ᴳ ᵍ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[16]
- ꬶ : Used for the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[17]
- G with diacritics: Ǵ ǵ Ǥ ǥ Ĝ ĝ Ǧ ǧ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ Ɠ ɠ Ġ ġ Ḡ ḡ Ꞡ ꞡ ᶃ
- ց : Armenian alphabet Tso
Ligatures and abbreviations
- ₲ : Paraguayan guaraní
Computing codes
| Preview | G | g | Ɡ | ɡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Upper-case letter LETTER M | LATIN Pocket-size Letter of the alphabet G | LATIN Majuscule LETTER SCRIPT Thousand | LATIN SMALL Letter of the alphabet SCRIPT G | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 71 | U+0047 | 103 | U+0067 | 42924 | U+A7AC | 609 | U+0261 |
| UTF-8 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | 234 158 172 | EA 9E Air-conditioning | 201 161 | C9 A1 |
| Numeric character reference | G | G | g | g | Ɡ | Ɡ | ɡ | ɡ |
| EBCDIC family | 199 | C7 | 135 | 87 | ||||
| ASCII 1 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | ||||
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
See also
- Carolingian Thou
- Difficult and soft One thousand
- Latin letters used in mathematics § Gg
References
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language Linguistic communication. 1976.
- ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2011-09-xiii). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Cyberspace. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359855.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Romana
- ^ Everson, Michael; Sigurðsson, Baldur; Málstöð, Íslensk. "Sorting the letter ÞORN". Evertype. ISO CEN/TC304. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2018-xi-01 .
- ^ Hempl, George (1899). "The Origin of the Latin Letters G and Z". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 30: 24–41. doi:10.2307/282560. JSTOR 282560.
- ^ Clan phonétique internationale (January 1895). "vɔt syr l alfabɛ" [Votes sur 50'alphabet]. Le Maître Phonétique. x (1): 16–17. JSTOR 44707535.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (February–March 1900). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel]. Le Maître Phonétique. 15 (two/iii): 20. JSTOR 44701257.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (July–December 1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. 26 (63) (90): 28–30. JSTOR 44705217.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Clan. 23 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1017/S002510030000476X.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1949). The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. Department of Phonetics, University College, London. Supplement to Le Maître Phonétique 91, January–June 1949. JSTOR i40200179. Reprinted in Periodical of the International Phonetic Clan 40 (3), December 2010, pp. 299–358, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000089. CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- ^ Wells, John C. (6 Nov 2006). "Scenes from IPA history". John Wells'southward phonetic blog. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Apply of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN0-521-63751-1.
- ^ Wong, Kimberly; Wadee, Frempongma; Ellenblum, Gali; McCloskey, Michael (two April 2018). "The Devil'southward in the g-tails: Scarce letter-shape knowledge and awareness despite massive visual experience". Periodical of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 44 (9): 1324–1335. doi:10.1037/xhp0000532. PMID 29608074. S2CID 4571477.
- ^ Dean, Signe. "Most People Don't Know What Lowercase "G" Looks Like And We're Not Even Kidding". Science Alert. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Lawman, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
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